The System of Governmen 600字高中英语作文
The System of Government During the Medieval Age
The Medieval Age was a troublous time interval that took place in Europe before the 14th century. During this time, the Black Plague, Renaissance, the downfall of Roman Empire, and the great migration of tribes were processing. The most worthy point to mention is the idea of the system of the government developed rapidly during this time. Government was the system that controlled the community; the existence of government stabilized the situation of a country. Government’s decisions directly effected every social class during the Medieval Age because the rights and the powers of every social class were connected to the government. The basic elements that manipulated the system of government were township, the crusade, and government style.
Of the preliminary elements of the government, townships were changed mostly by the government. The population of the town may decline if government declared and joined the war. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Crusade, “Having fulfilled their rows of pilgrimage, most of the crusaders departed the home…” (“Crusade”). The war declared by the government had caused people to leave their home, which directly lead to a significant decrease in population of the area. Township also enacted a substantial role in changing the government system. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Crusade, “The country of Tripoli and the principality of Antioch were each reduced to the capital city and a few outposts…” (“Crusade”). The Latin establishments have been lost, which caused government changed completely. However, due to the loss of the old tradition in Medieval Age, new ideas emerged rapidly. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Crusade, “The townsmen demanded the privilege of governing themselves of making their own laws, administering their own justice, leaving their own taxes and issuing their own coinage” (“the Medieval Age”). This illustrated the emergence of the idea of autonomy in the Medieval Age. Township was an important factor government in the Medieval Age.
Similarly, the Crusades have an equivalent impact on changing the system of the government. Crusades are one of the most important events in the Medieval Age; it lasted for two centuries. Government system was effected by the crusade. The Muslims had taken over the Christian territory and had changed the government into Islam dominated system. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article onCrusade, “Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered [by the Muslims]” (“Crusade”). Muslims dominated much of the Christian territory and, therefore, influenced not only their culture but completely manipulated their government. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Crusade, “It was a terrible thing for the holy city, as Jerusalem was called, and the Holy Land, where the city was located to be ruled by Muslims, instead of Christian” (“Crusade”). The statement suggests that Muslims took over the Jerusalem; their arrival has changed the government system from a Christian government to a Muslim government. The military system in the crusade also has impact on the government as well. According to Encyclopedia Britannia article on Crusade, “virtually independent, sanctioned and constantly supported by the papacy and exempt from local ecclesiastical jurisdiction, these military orders aroused the jealousy of the clergy and constituted a serious challenge to royal authority” (“Crusade”). The military order had gained support by the papacy and its power was becoming a threat to the king. This statement implies the king was virtually separated from his power. The existence of the crusade is also a danger to the government. According to Crusade, “The Crusades themselves, which continued until 1291, were a disaster for Byzantium” (“Crusade”). This implies that the duration of the crusade was becoming longer, which became a liability to Byzantium. In conclusion, Crusade was the conflict that affects the government system in Medieval Age.
Lastly, the government style is a major element of the government in the Medieval Age. Government styles in the Medieval Age were often associated with feudalism. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Government, "But the troublous times, during which trade and urban life were minimal, meant that effective power lay with those who controlled the land and it's product: a military aristocracy of great estates and fiefs" ("Government"). This is an example of feudalism. People holding lands and their products are having great powers. On the other hand, the kings were holding their power firmly, however, they also granted their powers to their dukes. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article onGovernment, "Rights, title, and privileges were forever being granted, revoked, and reaffirmed" ("Government"). This statement maintained that the kings granted their powers to others; by granting powers, the kings made sure that their dukes maintaining a state of loyalty. However, this led to powers spread unequally among the lords and the dukes. According to the Encyclopedia Britannia article on Government, "Medieval Europe, in fact, was a constantly shifting kaleidoscope of political arrangement......because everybody's claim to power and property was fragile and inconsistent with everybody else's. A certain degree of mutual forbearance was necessary" ("Government"). This statement maintained that different social classes have different levels of power, which sometimes led to disputes. One strong power was needed to eliminate different ideas. Nevertheless, some new ideas were also rising in the Medieval Age. For example, "A nation or peon can exist without taking the form of a state: physical geography, economic interest, language, religion, and history, all together or in one and twos, can create a generally accepted and recognized identity without a political organization" ("Government"). The original idea of anarchical state has existed in the Medieval Europe. However, instead of creating an anarchical state in Medieval Europe, people have established the idea of federalism in Europe. According to Government, "The foundations of the new monarchies were purely territorial. The kings of England, France, and Spain had enough to do to enforce their authority within the lands they had inherited or seized and to hammer their realms into some sort of uniformity" ("Government"). Enforcing the authorities within their own lands is an example of federalism. Nevertheless, the idea of federalism in the Medieval Ages was not completed; the powers were unable to be united. According to Government, "By 1500, most of them presided over bureaucracy (initially staffed by clerics) that would have impressed any Roman emperor. But universal empire was still impossible" ("Government"). This suggests that the unbalance and the separation of the powers had caused a "universal empire" to be unable to exist. In conclusion, different government styles have existed in the Medieval Ages and many of them were the ancestors of the current government style in Europe.
Township, the Crusades, and government style are the substantial elements that participated in the system of the government. These elements enacted important roles on affecting the government and being effected by the government. The changing in government in Medieval Europe also has effected the on government system of the current world. The idea of government is related and tied to every social class. Therefore, its development is very vital to the community. Without its existence, the Medieval Europe would definitely be difficult to stabilize.
Works Cited
Brogan, Hugh. “Government.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 June 2007. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.
Baldwin, Marshall W. “Crusades.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2013
Jones, J. Sydney., Marcia Merryman. Means, and Neil Schlager. The Crusades. Detroit: UXL, 2005. Print.
中考易错题大盘点之英语
名词、冠词1——What can I do for you?
——I'd like two _______
A box of apple
B boxes of apples
C box of apples
D boxes of apple
答案: B(选择其它三项的同学要注意仔细看题。不要马虎， 这里box 和apple都是可数名词。)
2Help yourself to ______
A some chickens
B a chicken
C some chicken
D any chicken
答案: C(选择A的同学要注意chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数。)
3________ it is today!
A What fine weather
B What a fine weather
C How a fine weather
D How fine a weather
答案: A(选择B的同学要注意weather不可数。选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词， 要用what来感叹。)
4Which is the way to the __________?
A shoe factory
B shoes factory
C shoe's factory
D shoes' factory
答案: A(选择D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格， 而是名词作形容词的用法。类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等。)
5This class _______ now Miss Gao teaches them
A are studying
B is studying
C be studying
D studying
答案: A(选择B的同学要注意，当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理。类似的还有:The police are running after the thief等。)
6We will have a ______ holiday after the exam
A two month
B two-month
C two month's
D two-months
答案: B(选择C的同学要注意应用two months'; 选择D的同学要注意名词之间有 “- ” 后的组合词当作形容词来用， 因此就不用所有格形式了。)
7________ trees are cut down in the forests every year
A Thousand
B Thousands
C Thousand of
D Thousands of
答案: D(选择C的同学注意词组记忆的准确性。)
8Our sports meeting will be held ________
A on 24， Tuesday， April
B in April 24， Tuesday
C on Tuesday， April 24
D in April Tuesday 24
答案: C(选B的同学是受到中文的影响，要特别注意中英文的差异。)
9_________ people here are very friendly to us
A The B /
C A D An
答案: A(选择B的同学要注意这里的people是特指这里的， 因此要用定冠词the。)
10There is no enough ________ in the corner to put the table
A place B room
C floor D ground
答案：B(根据句意知道，这里表示没有地方放桌子。room表示空间，选A的同学要注意place表示地点，是可数名词。)
代词
11Some people like to stay at home， but ________ like to go to the cinema
A another B other
C others D other one
答案: C(选择B的同学要牢记: some…，others…。)
12 ——Is this your shoe?
——Yes，but where is___?
A the other one
B other one
C another one
D the others
答案: A(选择C的同学要注意鞋是两只， another指的是三者或者三者以上。)
13 ——When shall we meet again next week?
——_____day is possible It's no problem with me
A Either B Neither
C Every D Any
答案: D(选择C的同学要注意every指的是每一天都见面，any指的是任何一天都可以。注意中文的干扰。)
14 Have you ever seen ________ big panda before?
A a such B such a
C so a D a so
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意词组记忆的准确性。)
15 —— _______ do you write to your parents?
——Once a month
A How long
B How soon
C How often
D How far
答案: C(选择A的同学要注意中文的干扰，由回答知道这里指的是写信的频率，用how often表示。)
16 Robert has gone to _________ city and he'll be back in a week
A other B the other
C another D any other
答案：C (选择其它三项的同学要注意，这里没有说只有两座城市，因此不能那样用。)
17 ——A latest magazine， please——Only one left
Would you like to have ____?
A it B one C this D that
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意这里指的是上一句中提到的那本杂志，不能用表示泛指的不定代词one。)
18——Which book would you like to borrow?
——________ of the two books is ok with me
A Either B Both
C Any D None
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意is 表示单数。)
19 He knows _________ English ________ French But he's very good at Japanese
A either; or
B both; and
C neither; nor
D either; nor
答案：C(选择A和B的同学要注意语境。)
20 ——What do your parents do?
——One is a teacher; _________ is a driver
A other B another
C the other D that one
答案: C(选择其它三个选项的同学要注意one is …， the other is …的用法。)
21 Mrs Lee teaches ______ math We all like her
A we B us
C our D ours
答案: B(选择C的同学要注意teach 人 科目，而不能用teach 某人的 科目。这里用的是代词的宾格。)
22There are many trees on________ side of the street
A either B any
C all D both
答案：A(选择D的同学要注意side为单数。选择B的同学要注意：街道只有两边，因此不能用any。)
介词、连词
23Japan is ________ the east of
A in B to
C on D at
答案: B(in 表示在范围里的，on表示紧挨着的;to 表示在范围以外的。)
24The postman shouted， “ Mr Green， here is a letter
________ you”
A to B from
C for D of
答案: C(选择A的同学要注意to 表示动作的方向， for表示有从属关系或者利益关系。)
25We can't do it ________ your help
A with B of
C under D without
答案: D(选择C的同学要注意中文的干扰，借助某人的帮助要用with，反之用without。)
26He hasn't heard from his friend________ last month
A since
B by the end of
C for
D until
答案: A(选择B的同学要注意B选项为过去完成时的时间;选择C的同学要注意，for 时间段; 选择D的同学要注意不是not…until 句型until 句子。)
27I didn't buy the dictionary yesterday _________ my aunt would give me one
A until B because
C if D before
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意语境。)
28I'm going to look for another job______the pany offers me more money
A after B unless
C when D for
答案: B(选择其它三项的同学要注意语境，这里是指除非公司给我更多工资，否则我就要找其它工作。)
29Don't hurry The bus won't start________ everybody gets on
A since B as
C until D when
答案: C(选择D的同学要注意前面是否定，“not…until”为固定搭配。)
30Please show me _________ to send an e-mail， John It's the first time for me to do it
A how B what
C when D where
答案：A(选择C的同学要注意认真看题，这里的time不是时间，而是指第一次。)
31You've passed the exam I'm happy ______ you
A on B at
C in D for
答案：D(选择A的同学要注意记忆词组的准确性。)
32I wonder ________ they finished so many different jobs in such a short time
A why B how
C when D where
答案：B(选择A的同学要注意语境，这里指他们怎么能在如此短的时间里完成如此多的困难的工作。)
33——Do you speak English?
——Yes， I speak_____ a little English_____some French
A neither， not
B both， or
C either， or
D not only， but also
答案：D(选择C的同学要注意语境。可和19题对照比较)
34______ the maths problem is difficult， I'll try very hard to work it out
A Though B When
C Before D After
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意语境，不能说当题目难的时候，我将努力，而是说尽管题目难，但我将努力解决。)
35The accident took place________ a cold February evening
A on B in C at D for
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意，在特指的早上、下午、晚上，不用in要用on。)
36He turned ________ the radio because his father was asleep
A on B down
C up D over
答案：B (根据语境：他爸爸睡着了，因此不能用A-打开，也不能用C-调大，D表示反过来。)
37I don't know the homework _______ today
A on B in
C of D for
答案：D(选择C的同学要注意of表示从属关系，要注意中文的干扰。)
38——Oh，it's raining heavily
——Please don't leave ________ it stops
A when B after
C since D until
答案: D(选择其它选项的同学要注意读懂句子， 只有把语境搞清楚才能答对问题。)
动词
39My father t to Shanghai yesterday He ______ back in two weeks
A es B has e
C will e D came
答案: C(选择D的同学要注意in 时间段， 表示在未来的一段时间，应用将来时。)
40It's spring now The students ________ trees these weeks
A plant
B are planting
C will plant
D planted
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意 these weeks 并不表示经常做某事，而是强调这几个星期同学们一直在种树。)
41——____ you _______
your book to the library?
——Yes I returned it yesterday
A Did， return
B Have， returned
C Will， return
D Do， return
答案: B(选择A的同学过分注意回答用了一般过去时， 但在上一句中， 并没有给出过去的时间，强调你现在是否还书了， 应用现在完成时。)
42——Must I finish it now?
——No， you ________
A mustn't B needn't
C can't D shouldn't
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意mustn't意思指不允许， needn't指的是不必要。)
43Though it's cloudy now， it _____ get sunny later
A can B may
C must D need
答案: B(选C的同学要注意语境， 这里强调过些时候也许会晴天， 表示推测性。)
44It is in the library， you _______ talk loudly
A may not B can't
C needn't D mustn't
答案: D(选择B的同学要注意中文的干扰，can't表示不能够。)
45If anyone wants to say something in class， you _____ put up your hands first
A must B may
C should D can
答案: A(选其他三个选项的同学要注意语境，anyone暗示出语气。表明是一个规定，而不是建议。)
46——I called you last night but no one answered the phone
——I _____ dinner with my friends in the restaurant
A was having B had
C have had D have
答案：A(选择B和D的同学要注意分析语境，这里指我当时正在和朋友在饭馆吃饭。)
47。If you have lost a library book， you have to _________ it
A find out B look after
C pay for D take care
答案：C(选择A的同学要注意语境。)
48He will call me as soon as he _________the city
A reaches
B reached
C will reach
D is reaching
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意主将从先。)
49The pen _________ him ten yuan
A paid B cost
C took D spent
答案：B(选择C的同学要注意took通常用在时间上;选择A和D的同学要注意，这里的主语是物品，因此不能用paid 和spent。)
50The train _________ for tty minutes
A left
B is leaving
C has left
D has been away
答案：D(选择B的同学要注意，当用完成时表示持续动作时，要选择可持续动词，不要用瞬间动词。)
51。——How many books _____ they ________?
——Five But they haven't finished reading even one
A did…borrow
B had…borrowed
C will…borrow
D do…borrow
答案：A(选择B的同学要注意，这里只是问过去发生的一件事，并不是过去时间之前发生的。)
52He _________ his bike so he has to walk there
A lost B has lost
C had lost D loses
答案：B(选择A的同学注意句子并没出现两个时间点，因此要注意时态的前后一致。)
53——Why did the policeman stop us?
——He told us not _______ so fast in this street
A drive B driving
C to drive D drove
答案：C(这里考查的是tell sb not to do sth)
形容词、副词
54The population of the world in 20th century became very much _________ than that in 19th
A bigger B larger
C greater D more
答案: B(选择其它三项的同学要注意population的固定搭配是large。)
55Miss Li is one of _______ in our school
A a popular teacher
B more popular teacher
C most popular teacher
D the most popular teachers
答案: D(选择其它三项的同学要注意one of 复数的用法。)
56The magazines are ________ easy that the children can read them well
A such B so
C too D very
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意easy是形容词，要用so…that，而不用such…that)
57——Would you like ________ more tea?
——Thank you I've had ________
A any， much
B some， enough
C some， much
D any， enough
答案：C(选择B的同学要注意enough是形容词， 不能说had enough)
58I think basketball is _______ I like to watch it
A boring B bored
C exciting D excited
答案：C(选择D的同学要注意basketball本身很令人激动，excited表示被什么所感染而激动。)
59This dinner looks _______ to me， and I like it
A terrible B good
C badly D nicely
答案：B(选择D的同学要注意look在这里是系动词，后面要加形容词。)
60The math problem is so hard that ________ students can work it out
A a few B a little
C many D few
答案：D(选择A、C的同学要注意语境，这里指没有什么学生能做出来。)
61——What's the weather
like tomorrow?
——The radio says it is going to be even ______
A bad B worst
C badly D worse
答案：D(选择A的同学要注意，even+比较级。)
62Though she talks ______， she has made ________ friends here
A a little， a few
B little， few
C little， a few
D few， a few
答案：C(选择A的同学要注意语境，这里指虽然她不怎么说话，但她有一些朋友。)
63He never does his work _______ Mary
A as careful as
B so careful as
C as carefully as
D carefully as
答案：C(选择A和B的同学要注意work 是行为动词，要用副词来修饰。)
句法
64If it ________ tomorrow we'll go to the park
A will not rain
B doesn't rain
C is not raining
D didn't rain
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意if引导的条件状语从句主句用将来时， 从句用一般现在时。)
65The radio says the snow ______ late in the day
A stops
B will stop
C has stopped
D stopped
答案: B(选择A的同学要注意语境，late in the day表示“晚些时候”，要用将来时。)
66The nurse told the children the sun ______ in the east
A rises B rose
C will rise D has risen
答案: A(选择B的同学要注意，虽然主句中用了told， 但太阳从东方升起是真理性事实，应用一般现在时表示。)
67——Are you sure you have to? It's been very late——I don't know ______ I can do it if not now
A where B why
C when D how
答案: C(选择D的同学要注意语境，根据语境知道这里强调的是必须先在做，否则就没有时间了。)
68——Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?——Her cousin， Susan
A that B whose
C whom D which
答案: C(选择其它三项的同学要注意语境，这里是指找Susan这个人。)
69——When are the Shutes leaving for New York?——Pardon?——I asked____
A when are the Shutes leaving for New York
B when the Shutes are leaving for New York
C when were the Shutes leaving for New York
D when the Shutes were leaving for New York
答案: D(选择B的同学注意到了宾语从句的语序，但同时要注意时态要用相应的过去时。)
70Would you please tell me ________ next， Mr Wang?
A what should we do
B we should do what
C what we should do
D should do what
答案: C(选择A的同学要注意宾语从句的语序为陈述语序。)
71Mr King didn't know _______ yesterday evening
A when does his son e back
B when his son es back
C when did his son e home
D when his son came home
答案: D(选择C的同学要注意考虑宾语从句的陈述语序。)
72——I'm sorry I broke your coffee cup
——Oh， really? _______
A It doesn't matter
B I don't know
C It's OK with me
D You're wele
答案：A(选择C和D的同学要注意中文的干扰，D是用来回答别人的致谢的。)
